Anatomy of the Large Intestine . This results in the discharge of hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and methane gases that create flatus (gas) in the colon; flatulence is excessive flatus. Treatment may include the administration of hypertonic saline, but care must be taken to ensure that blood sodium levels are not allowed to increase too quickly, as this can cause a sudden shift of water in brain cells that may lead to the fatal complication central pontine myelinolysis (Rusoke-Dierich, 2018). Which of these is most associated with villi? stream The large intestine is the final section of the gastrointestinal tract that performs the vital task of absorbing water and vitamins while converting digested food into feces. The resulting difference in pain threshold is due to the fact that the upper region is innervated by visceral sensory fibers, and the lower region is innervated by somatic sensory fibers. Intestinal content is pushed back and forth by haustral contractions and antiperistaltic contractions, until faeces are finally pushed towards the anal canal by mass movements. Tonic contractions of the teniae coli bunch up the colon into a succession of pouches called haustra (singular = haustrum), which are responsible for the wrinkled appearance of the colon. These contain mostly bacteria, old epithelial cells from the intestinal mucosa, inorganic waste, undigested food matter and fibre, as well as water to help it pass smoothly through the GI tract. Also, with ageing, the ability of the anus to detect whether it contains gas or faeces may become impaired and faecal matter may be treated as gas, causing faecal incontinence. Fibre in the diet increases the power of colonic contractions propelling faeces towards the anus. Appendix 3. It contracts the sigmoid colon and rectum, relaxes the internal anal sphincter, and initially contracts the external anal sphincter. 3. The anal canal located in the perineum (outside the abdominopelvic cavity), is 3.8-5cm long and opens to the exterior of the body at the anus (Fig 2). Although their small size makes it difficult to see each microvillus, their combined microscopic appearance suggests a mass of bristles, which is termed the brush border. This can cause constipation. Two superficial venous plexuses are found in the anal canal: one within the anal columns and one at the anus. Nutrients from the breakdown of carbohydrates and proteins are absorbed through a capillary bed in the villi of the small intestine. As we’ll see shortly, in addition to its length, the folds and projections of the lining of the small intestine work to give it an enormous surface area, which is approximately 200 m2, more than 100 times the surface area of your skin. Each day, up to 1500 mL of flatus is produced in the colon. <> In contrast, some human populations, most notably Caucasians, are able to maintain the ability to produce lactase as adults. At the inferior surface of the liver, the colon bends to form the right colic flexure (hepatic flexure) and becomes the transverse colon.
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