Even some of the prominent rulers of India became ardent followers of these religions. The doctrine of self-surrender is echoed in the words of Lord Krishna, “Give up all religious paths, and take refuge in Me alone. The spirit of synthesis manifested itself in the teachings of the preachers. It developed a humanitarian attitude. It was a complete surrender of oneself to God. Causes for the Origin of Bhakti Movement. Welcome to HistoryDiscussion.net! It is known as the cult of Satyapir. With the above mentioned characteristics Bhakti movement began a new chapter in the Indian society. The movement which emphasized primarily these ideas was the Bhakti movement—devotion to God. It is not the way of worship but the love of a selfless devotee of pure heart that matters for “Whoever offers to me with devotion, a leaf, a flower, a fruit, or water … I accept” (IX, 26). Devotion to the goddesses is more regional and local, expressed in temples and in festivals devoted to Durga, Kali, Shitala (goddess of smallpox), Lakshmi (goddess of good fortune), and many others. Usually it is accepted that the most characteristic feature of the religious development during the medieval period was the movement which emphasized single-minded intense devotion to God. The earliest reformer-saint in South was Adi Shankaracharya who had a unique success. Bhakti movement centred round monotheism or the worship of one God. Ranade, in his book, The Rise of Maratha Power, sums up the deep impact of this spiritual awakening. During the medieval period (12th to mid-18th century), different local traditions explored the various possible relationships between the worshipper and the deity. The chief exponents of the movement were Shankara, Ramanuja, Kabir, Nanak, Shri Chaitanya, Mirabai, Ramananda, Namdev, Nimbarka, Madhava, Eknath, Surdas, Tulsidas, Tukaram, Vallabhacharya and Chandidas. It drew attention to the evils of anger, greed and vanity. The movement aroused awakening among the Hindus and Muslims regarding the futility of ritualism and superstitions. They were very liberal minded. The genesis of the Bhakti movement lies in the social evils prevalent in the-then Hindu society. They condemned ritualism, false practices, blind faiths and dogmas. The Bhakti Yoga of Shrimad Bhagavad Gita is more descriptive on this point. The Sufi Saints like Khwaja Muinuddin Chisti, Bakhyiya Kaki, Nizamudin Aulia and Nasiruddin Chirag-i-Delhi etc. To them, rituals and sacrifices were meaningless. It gave a new dimension, a sense of harmony and a spirit of liberalism to religious belief of the people. It came to India towards the beginning of the 13th century A.D. and with the rise of the Muslim power Sufism became more popular. The Bhakti movement started in the South in response to the conquest of northern India by Muslim rulers. He alone could show the path of light to reach the proper destination. 6. They took their meals together from the common kitchen. The major similarities and common ideas can be summarized in the following manner: 1. The high philosophy of the Vedas and Upanishads were very complicated for the common people. Rejection of idol worship by many saints. The Hindu and as well as the Muslim saints emphasized religious simplicity. A deep-rooted change came about to lay the foundations of a liberal and composite Indian society. In other words, they emphasized upon the unity of Godhead. Bhakti, intense love and devotion, the only way to salvation. No distinction of different castes, higher or low. 8. During the course of time, several evil practices had crept into the Hindu society. Bhakti or devotion for the Almighty was the central theme of this movement. During the time of Muslim rule in India the Hindu society was full of many social anomalies like rigidity of caste system, irrelevant rituals and religious practices, blind faiths and social dogmas. This website includes study notes, research papers, essays, articles and other allied information submitted by visitors like YOU. Impact of the Bhakti Movement on the Medieval Indian Society: With a view to understand the impact of the Bhakti movement, we have to consider the background under which the movement gained momentum. Some healing touch was needed. By the 15th century A.D. it was a prominent movement to reckon with both socially and culturally and left a lasting influence on the people. According to the Bhagavadgita, a Hindu religious text, the path of bhakti, or bhakti-marga, is superior to the two other religious approaches, the path of knowledge (jnana) and the path of ritual and good works (karma). image source: tamilandvedas.files.wordpress.com/2014/06/maharashtriyan_saint_-_1__24877_zoom.jpg. A spirit of harmony among different sections of society and religion received impetus. The evil practice of ‘Sati’ received some set back. Welcome to HistoryDiscussion.net! image source: theharekrishnamovement.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/lord-brahma-steeling-the-cowherd-boys-and-calves.jpg. It emphasized earning of wealth through hard work and honest means. 10. The word Bhakti is a very familiar word in the Hindu religious system. Kabir Nanak and Chaitanya preached in their respective vernacular tongues – Kabir in Hindi, Nanak in Gurmukhi and chaitanya in Bengali. I shall deliver thee from all sins.” (XVIII 66). By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. The Hindus realised that it was difficult to drive away the Muslim rulers and Muslims from India. The movement tried to loosen the bond of caste. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Content Guidelines 2. Many, but not all, bhakti movements were open to people of both genders and all castes. But when we talk of Bhakti movement in the context of socio-religious background it has a different connotation. Our mission is to provide an online platform to help students to discuss anything and everything about history. The movement tried to reduce the growing bitterness between the two and bridge the gap. The movement was that of bhakti,... Get exclusive access to content from our 1768 First Edition with your subscription. image source: bhaktivedantamanor.co.uk/home/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/Pancha-Tattwa.jpg. In Bengal the love of God was considered analogous to the sentiments involved in human relationships, such as those felt by a servant toward his master, a friend toward a friend, a parent toward a child, a child toward a parent, and a woman toward her beloved. Bhakti arose in South India in the 7th to 10th centuries in poems that the Alvars and the Nayanars composed in Tamil to the gods Vishnu and Shiva, respectively. The Muslims first arrived in India in the 8th century AD. It also helped to harmonise the conflicting interests. 3. A brief summary of the main features of the movement are given below. The Bhakti saints were social reformers also. Wendy Doniger is the Mircea Eliade Distinguished Service Professor of the History of Religions in the Divinity School at the University of Chicago. The religion itself was monopolized by the Brahmins who themselves led a degenerated and corrupt moral life. Many doctrines of the Bhakti cult may be found in the Bhagavad-Gita. image source: 1.bp.blogspot.com/–VF0nYX3AIw/Tb6QyX87rcI/AAAAAAAAACM/F1zxyOf7jE8/s1600/shiva.jpg. They stressed human qualities and moral attitudes. Content Guidelines 2. Five writers of repute – Achyuta, Balaram, Jagannath, Yasobanta and Ananta – heralded the age of Panchasakha literature, known for its socio-religious exposition of Bhakti. There was an absolute need to change the existing system as well as bring radical changes in the fabric of Hindu beliefs. Right from the time of the compilation of the Vedas, the word Bhakti has come into vogue. From the 6th century onward, a movement with religious origins made itself heard in literature. Unity of God or one God though known by different names. 4. 6. It was believed that all creations of God were equal and hence, all men should be treated equally. The feeling of appreciation of the difference between the thought and practices of the two religions emerged. The Bhakti saints strongly denounce image-worship of the Hindus. They not only patronized these new religions but also extended whole-hearted support to the spread of these religions. TOS4. 2. Our mission is to provide an online platform to help students to discuss anything and everything about history. 2. For instance the language of Kabir was a mixture of several languages of every day use. bringing about reforms in Hinduism and developing harmonious relations between the Hindus and the Muslims. So the next alternative was Bhakti marga—a simple way of devotion to get salvation from worldly life. It gave birth to a new sect i.e. image source: ramanan50.files.wordpress.com/2014/05/65be1-adishankaracharyawithhisdisciples.jpg, “The main results of Bhakti movement were the development of vernacular literature, modification of caste exclusiveness, sanctification of family life, elevation of status of women, preaching of humaneness and tolerance, partial reconciliation with Islam, subordination of rites and ceremonies, pilgrimages, fasts etc, learning and contemplation to worship God with love and faith, the limitation of excess of polytheism and the uplift of the nation to a higher level of capacity both of thought and action.”. This was on account of the spirit of toleration preached by the Bhakti saints. Bhakti to God was accepted as salvation. Thus in a general sense Bhakti means devotion to God. The movement started in the 9th century A.D. by Shankaracharya which continued up to 16th century A.D. by a number of Hindu devotees, preachers and religious reformers. Image Source: krishna.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/LordCaitanyaChanting.jpg. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Seeing—and being seen by—the god or goddess (darshan) was an essential part of the ritual. But in due course of time both these religions lost much of their vitality due to the tolerant and liberal outlook of Hinduism. Devotees also offered daily sacrifices—for some, animal sacrifices; for others, vegetarian sacrifices of fruit and flowers—in the home or temple. In the devotional literature the word is used to mean ‘unquestionable faith and utter devotion to God’. They aimed to set up a good social order upholding high moral values. As Bhakti movement stressed upon Bhakti or a passionate feeling of love for God, purification of the self was very essential for them.

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