Elizabeth I (1533–1603) was Queen of England and Ireland from 1558 until her death in 1603. The “Darnley Portrait” of Elizabeth I of England, National Portrait Gallery (c. 1575). The treaty marked the beginning of the Anglo-Spanish War, which lasted until the Treaty of London in 1604. In an effort to defend herself against the "gathering storm", Queen Elizabeth openly and officially instituted the system to become known as "privateering", one which was based on very shaky legal and moral foundation, but its evident necessity deemed justifiable enough at the time. He believed that if he was successful it would help him to secure many of his strategic objectives in Europe. With an invincible armada poising to strike, England had no alternative but to depend on private shipping to help defend her shores and interrupt enemy commerce. Spain was the richest and the most powerful Empire in Europe and Phillip decided that he would invade England. Philip and Mary got along personally, but there were no children and their retainers displayed mistrust and the marriage lacked in ceremonies and entertainments. England reacted by seizing Spanish ships and properties in England. It confirmed to them that England was a kingdom destined for greatness. Only by judging Queen Elizabeth's bold and imaginative "Sea-Dogs" in light of historical fact and the mores of the 16th century, will a rational and balanced perspective be reached. Spain seized small British commercial ships engaged in the fur trade in an area on the Pacific on an area on the Pacific Coast. He thinketh to cozen us of our shares of 15 Thousand ducats: but we will have our shares or I will make him spend the best blood in his belly: for [I have] had enough of those cozening cheats already." Of Aprill stil bearing along the coast we gaue chase to 4 ships, & borded them & forced them all to come to anker by vs in a smal bay at the lands end, out of these ships we tooke nothing but 3. men ....The 24 day we gaue chase to 2. ships, the one of them being a Scot the other a Breton. The bitter diplomatic standoff lasted for four years. A major participant in the French Wars of Religion, formed by Henry I, Duke of Guise, in 1576. [27] Accordingly, the British Cabinet adopted a policy of benevolent neutrality towards the military insurgents, with the covert aim of avoiding any direct or indirect help to the Popular Front Government. However, the coronation of Elizabeth I had fundamentally altered this dynamic because she was determined to maintain England's independence from Spain. On July 27, the Armada had reached the Strait of Dover and anchored off Calais. [15] For eight years, these privateers infested North Carolina's waters, captured merchant vessels, ravaged the coast, plundered towns, and levied tribute on the inhabitants almost at will. Since immediate returns on colonization ventures could be extremely speculative, Ralegh encouraged investors by combining colonial plans with privateering enterprises. The unsuccessful attempts after September 1868 to find a successor to Queen Isabella who would satisfy the French, Germans, Portuguese, Austrians, Italians, and Spanish kept British diplomats busy with peacemaking moves in many capitals. This decision was decisive as it meant that the Spanish army was unable to rendezvous with the invasion army.

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