p. 316,and more especially Viaggi di Pietro della Valle, tom. - His Successful ExpeditionAgainst The Persians. His school was assiduouslyfrequented by the Grecian youth; his disciples, who sometimesexceeded the number of eighty, celebrated their incomparablemaster; and the jealousy of his rivals, who persecuted him fromone city to another, confirmed the favorable opinion whichLibanius ostentatiously displayed of his superior merit. Had itbeen possible for Julian to maintain a bridge of communication onthe Tigris, and to preserve the conquered places of Assyria, adesolated province could not afford any large or regularsupplies, in a season of the year when the lands were covered bythe inundation of the Euphrates, ^84 and the unwholesome air wasdarkened with swarms of innumerable insects. xxiv. The veteran bands ofcavalry and infantry, of Romans and Barbarians, had been selectedfrom the different provinces; and a just preeminence of loyaltyand valor was claimed by the hardy Gauls, who guarded the throneand person of their beloved prince. Acad. St. Martin, iii. Hierapolis, ^* situate almost on the banks of the Euphrates,^34 had been appointed for the general rendezvous of the Romantroops, who immediately passed the great river on a bridge ofboats, which was previously constructed. xxiv. p. 571-576,) Fabricius, (Bibliot. "Ourfellow-soldiers," he eagerly exclaimed, "are already masters ofthe bank; see - they make the appointed signal; let us hasten toemulate and assist their courage." ^98 Thespectators were silent; and Julian entered into a metaphysicalargument with the philosophers Priscus and Maximus, on the natureof the soul. Macdonald Kinneir,Geogr. Julian disguised the silent anxiety of his ownmind with smiles of confidence and joy; and amused the hostilenations with the spectacle of military games, which heinsultingly celebrated under the walls of Coche. ^39 Tiranus professed the Christian religion;he reigned over a nation of Christians; and he was restrained, byevery principle of conscience and interest, from contributing tothe victory, which would consummate the ruin of the church. ], [Footnote 94: Sapor himself declared to the Romans, that it washis practice to comfort the families of his deceased satraps, bysending them, as a present, the heads of the guards and officerswho had not fallen by their master's side. in 4to.) 193.) Over time, the east thrived, while the west declined. The father and the son wereinvited to the Imperial table. They served to discharge thesuperfluous waters from one river into the other, at the seasonof their respective inundations. 85. The name may betraced in Devipatnam, Devidan, Devicotta, Divinelly, the point ofDivy. ], 1816, Abraham Small and P.H. c. 5) most probably spurious. Theemperor's prepossession was increased and justified by thediscreet pride of his favorite. Artavasdes might have supplied Marc Antony with16,000 horse, armed and disciplined after the Parthian manner,(Plutarch, in M. Antonio. c. 29, l. v. c. 41 - M.], The military dispositions of Julian were skilfully contrivedto deceive the spies and to divert the attention of Sapor. Vet. c. 134, p. 357) and Ammianus,(xxiv. Among the moderns, Tillemont, (Hist. The exhortations of Hormisdaswere repulsed with contempt; and the ears of the Persian princewere wounded by a just reproach, that, unmindful of his royalbirth, he conducted an army of strangers against his king andcountry. But the pride of Sapor was astonished by the firmness ofJulian; who sternly declared, that he would never consent to holda peaceful conference among the flames and ruins of the cities ofMesopotamia; and who added, with a smile of contempt, that it wasneedless to treat by ambassadors, as he himself had determined tovisit speedily the court of Persia. On this occasion, the interpreters arecompelled, by a most sacred interest, to renounce theirallegiance, and to desert the cause of their author. c. 15, p.246) supplies us with a national tradition, and a spuriousletter. If the breadth of the Euphrates at Bir and Zeugmais no more than 130 yards, (Voyages de Niebuhr, tom. p. 287-353, and the learnedremarks of M. Guichardt Nouveaux Memoires Militaires, tom. p. ], [Footnote 84: The Tigris rises to the south, the Euphrates to thenorth, of the Armenian mountains. As he had minutely studied the operations of Trajan inthe same country, he soon recollected that his warlikepredecessor had dug a new and navigable canal, which, leavingCoche on the right hand, conveyed the waters of the Nahar- Malchainto the river Tigris, at some distance above the cities. When the judges of this awfulcontest proceeded to examine the heart, and to scrutinize thesprings of action, the superiority of the Imperial Stoic appearedstill more decisive and conspicuous. p. 335,)the enormous difference must chiefly arise from the depth of thechannel. The martial impatience of Julian urged him to take the fieldin the beginning of the spring; and he dismissed, with contemptand reproach, the senate of Antioch, who accompanied the emperorbeyond the limits of their own territory, to which he wasresolved never to return. ii. c. 89-96) revealsan important difference between the gross, and the net, revenueof Persia; the sums paid by the province, and the gold or silverdeposited in the royal treasure. ][Footnote 53: Ammianus remarks, that the primitive Assyria, whichcomprehended Ninus, (Nineveh,) and Arbela, had assumed the morerecent and peculiar appellation of Adiabene; and he seems to fixTeredon, Vologesia, and Apollonia, as the extreme cities of theactual province of Assyria. Low. ^75 Atthe very time when he declined the siege of Ctesiphon, herejected, with obstinacy and disdain, the most flattering offersof a negotiation of peace. The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (Vol.1 - 6) Edward Gibbon Spanning thirteen centuries from the age of Trajan to the taking of Constantinople by the Turks, "Decline & Fall" is one of the greatest narratives in European Literature. xvii. The left flank of the army was protected by thecolumn of cavalry. St. Martin considers thatGibbon has fallen into an error in bringing the tribe of Gassanto the Euphrates. Libanius, in a professed oration, inviteshim to return to his loyal and penitent city of Antioch. )The military criticisms of the saint are devoutly copied byTillemont, his faithful slave.]. ][Footnote 54: The two rivers unite at Apamea, or Corna, (onehundred miles from the Persian Gulf,) into the broad stream ofthe Pasitigris, or Shutul- Arab. Hisexpectations were disappointed by the treachery of the Armenianking, who permitted, and most probably directed, the desertion ofhis auxiliary troops from the camp of the Romans; ^74 and by thedissensions of the two generals, who were incapable of forming orexecuting any plan for the public service. Julian marched over the same ground which had been trodabove seven hundred years before by the footsteps of the youngerCyrus, and which is described by one of the companions of hisexpedition, the sage and heroic Xenophon. and even by La Bleterie,(Vie de Julien, p. - M.], [Footnote 51: See Ammianus, (xxiv. p. 279, 285. Note: St. Martin conceives that he was an elder brother byanother mother who had several children, ii. This unique edition emphasizes elements ignored in all other abridgments--in particular the role of religion in the empire and the rise of Islam.From the Trade Paperback edition. Yet the Great King received no more than 1000 Euboic, orTyrian, talents (252,000l.) ], [Footnote 87: The march of Julian from Ctesiphon iscircumstantially, but not clearly, described by Ammianus, (xxiv.7, 8,) Libanius, (Orat. In the historyof Armenia by Father Chamitch, and translated by Avdall, Tiran isstill king of Armenia, at the time of Julian's death. p. The history of the decline and fall ofthe Roman Empire. As it becomes an emperor who has filled the first rankamong men, I am prepared to die, standing; and to despise aprecarious life, which, every hour, may depend on an accidentalfever. - M.], [Footnote 39: Ammian. 313. 1 The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, vol. xviii. But if you will rashly persist, if you are determined torenew the shameful and mischievous examples of old seditions,proceed. [Footnote 65: M. d'Anville, (Mem. Yet, when an officer of Julian attemptedto seize the church of Nazianzus, he would have lost his life, ifhe had not yielded to the zeal of the bishop and people, (Orat.xix. The inhabitants of the open towns,unable to resist, and unwilling to yield, fled withprecipitation; and their houses, filled with spoil andprovisions, were occupied by the soldiers of Julian, whomassacred, without remorse and without punishment, somedefenceless women. ^72, [Footnote 67: Rien n'est beau que le vrai; a maxim which shouldbe inscribed on the desk of every rhetorician.]. The History of the decline and fall of the Roman empire, The history of the decline and fall of the RomanEmpire. p. ii. The navigation of the Euphrates never ascended aboveBabylon, nor that of the Tigris above Opis. The former overflows in March,the latter in July. x. [Footnote 1: See this fable or satire, p. 306-336 of the Leipsigedition of Julian's works. Parental c.xcvii. See the Index Geographicus ofSchultens, (ad calcem Vit. Yet Pharandsem was equally hostile to the Persianinfluence, and Arsaces began to support with vigor the cause ofJulian. ], [Footnote *: On an inedited medal in the collection of the lateM. The portable Gibbon: The decline and fall of the Roman Empire; edited, and with an introd. ii. I havelearned from philosophy, how much the soul is more excellent thanthe body; and that the separation of the nobler substance shouldbe the subject of joy, rather than of affliction. Whenever he closed hiseyes in short and interrupted slumbers, his mind was agitatedwith painful anxiety; nor can it be thought surprising, that theGenius of the empire should once more appear before him, coveringwith a funeral veil his head, and his horn of abundance, andslowly retiring from the Imperial tent. )], [Footnote 82: Recollect the successful and applauded rashness ofAgathocles and Cortez, who burnt their ships on the coast ofAfrica and Mexico.] ^82, [Footnote 77: The arts of this new Zopyrus (Greg. . Ammian. Chapter XXIV: The Retreat And Death Of Julian. He punished with death or ignominy the misbehaviorof three troops of horse, who, in a skirmish with the Surenas,had lost their honor and one of their standards: and hedistinguished with obsidional ^62 crowns the valor of theforemost soldiers, who had ascended into the city of Maogamalcha. [Footnote *: This is a mistake; each vessel (according to Zosimustwo, according to Ammianus five) had eighty men. 7, 12,) Libanius, (Orat. I shall cautiously refrain from any word thatmay tend to influence your suffrages in the election of anemperor. The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire by Edward Gibbon is the history of Roman Empire from the end of the golden age to the fall of Byzantium. St. Martin, iii. He expressed a piousattachment to the memory of Constantius, from whose hands he hadreceived in marriage Olympias, the daughter of the praefectAblavius; and the alliance of a female, who had been educated asthe destined wife of the emperor Constans, exalted the dignity ofa Barbarian king. The magnanimity of Julian wasapplauded and betrayed, by the arts of a noble Persian, who, inthe cause of his country, had generously submitted to act a partfull of danger, of falsehood, and of shame. Their authority, of less weight, perhaps, ina military question, is confirmed by the cool judgment of anexperienced soldier, who was himself spectator of theconflagration, and who could not disapprove the reluctant murmursof the troops. ^68 Julian contented himselfwith observing, that conquest and safety depended on the attempt;that instead of diminishing, the number of their enemies would beincreased, by successive reenforcements; and that a longer delaywould neither contract the breadth of the stream, nor level theheight of the bank.

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