Later classical and medieval criticism often focused on religious texts, and the several long religious traditions of hermeneutics and textual exegesis have had a profound influence on the study of secular texts. Lecturer in English PSC Solved Question Paper, The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction, Analysis of T.S. Around that time Anglo-American university literature departments began to witness a rise of a more explicitly philosophical literary theory, influenced by structuralism, then post-structuralism, and other kinds of Continental philosophy. Habermas, Jürgen. Trans. The cultural industry is Adorno’s phrase for the commodification of cultural production. Many critics feel that they now have a great plurality of methods and approaches from which to choose. Adorno’s analysis of these same societies is characterized by an unstinting attack on the debasement of culture under capitalism. Negative dialectics preserves the “negativity” of the NEGATIVE, which resists being appropriated by the positive term of DIALECTICAL processes. Hannah Arendt. “Mythology itself sets off the unending process of enlightenment,” and “[j]ust as the myths already realize enlightenment, so enlightenment with every step becomes more deeply engulfed in mythology” (11–12). Literary Theory is the different frameworks used to evaluate and interpret a particular work. Critical Theory at this time sought to redefine social TOTALITY as “the totality of conditions under with social individuals produced and reproduced their existence” (Benhabib 2). ——. Home » Language » English Language » Literature » Difference Between Literary Criticism and Literary Theory. What is the Difference Between Flash Forward and... What is the Difference Between Antigone and Creon. [4] These critical reviews were published in many magazines, newspapers, and journals. He distinguished between the self (a “generic phenomenon”) and SELFIDENTITY, which “is not something that is just given, as a result of the continuities of the individual’s action-system, but something that has to be routinely created and sustained in the reflexive activities of the individual” (Modernity and Self-Identity, 52). Whether or not literary criticism should be considered a separate field of inquiry from literary theory, or conversely from book reviewing, is a matter of some controversy. However, there is at least partial compensation for the loss of aura that occurred once works of art were mass produced. in Benjamin 10). [9], Study, evaluation, and interpretation of literature, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, The Birth of Tragedy from the Spirit of Music, Anti-Oedipus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia, "Contemporary Women's Writing | Oxford Academic", Truman Capote Award for Literary Criticism, Internet Public Library: Literary Criticism, A Bibliography of Literary Theory, Criticism, and Philology, How to Do Literary Analysis: An Experimental Reflection Based on the Yellow Wall-Paper, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Literary_criticism&oldid=976333705, Articles needing additional references from April 2016, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2019, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 2 September 2020, at 11:31. Though the two activities are closely related, literary critics are not always, and have not always been, theorists. The Enlightenment is here regarded as incorporating within its dialectical trajectory the very thing it seeks to overcome: mythology. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2002. Literary criticism is the study, analysis, evaluation and interpretation of literature. Trans. Negative Dialectics. 104). Thus, “ ‘consumer culture’ can boast of being not a luxury but rather the simple extension of production” (Prisms 26). In this environment, consumers of culture become the primary producers, but they are limited to the reproduction of existing social conditions. This emphasis on form and precise attention to "the words themselves" has persisted, after the decline of these critical doctrines themselves. It continued until the mid-1980s, when interest in "theory" peaked. “Modernity versus Postmodernity.” New German Critique 17 (Spring 1979): 3–22. The work of Aristotle, especially Poetics, was the most important influence upon literary criticism until the late eighteenth century. For Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe, the hegemony of dominant classes in capitalist societies is grounded on inauthentic totalities – that is to say, the particular and limited interests of a dominant group are represented as the universal foundation for justice, morality, and politics. By 1975, with the publication of Legitimation Crisis, Habermas was able to offer a systemic alternative to Adorno’s view of society. But it is enough to get the general idea. "A very basic way of thinking about literary theory is that these ideas act as different lenses critics use to view and talk about art, literature, and even culture. In The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction, Benjamin argues that traditional works of art were “one of a kind,” that they possessed an “aura” of authenticity inseparable from a ritual function. In his works Frye noted that some critics tend to embrace an ideology, and to judge literary pieces on the basis of their adherence to such ideology. And this corrodes even the knowledge of why it has become impossible to write poetry today” (Prisms 34). The rationalization of culture makes it difficult for Adorno to see any emancipatory potential in humanism, which means that he must turn to the radical innovations of anti-humanist, avant-garde artists like Arnold Schoenberg, Samuel Beckett, and Franz Kafka. Benjamin developed a model for critical understanding based not on a conception of organic or synthetic unity, but on a CONSTELLATION of texts, concepts, and ideas that constitutes a provisional and effective TOTALITY as well as a mode of social practice. Another critic might evaluate a poem in terms of its form. Principally concerned with the production, circulation, and reception of texts and their material forms, book history seeks to connect forms of textuality with their material aspects.

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