[5] The diet in autumn, winter and early spring becomes mainly fruit, including berries such as the European Hackberry (Celtis australis) and Sea-buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides),[5] rose hips, and domesticated crops such as apples, grapes and pears where available. [4][25][33] The Alpine chough lays its eggs about one month later than its relative, although breeding success and reproductive behaviour are similar. Its name is also confused with T. leucocephala, which is also known as white-headed babbler. [2] It was moved to its current genus, Pyrrhocorax, by English ornithologist Marmaduke Tunstall in his 1771 Ornithologia Britannica,[3] along with the only other member of the genus, the red-billed chough, P. The Corsican population has been estimated to comprise about 2,500 birds. [8] The current binomial name of the Alpine chough was formerly sometimes applied to the red-billed chough. [17][18][19], The Australian white-winged chough, Corcorax melanorhamphos, despite its similar bill shape and black plumage, is only distantly related to the true choughs. The decline was thought to be due to the loss of former open grasslands which had reverted to scrubby vegetation once extensive cattle grazing ceased. [11]. [13], Where their ranges overlap, the two chough species may feed together in the summer, although there is only limited competition for food. The clutch is 3–5 glossy whitish eggs, averaging 33.9 by 24.9 millimetres (1.33 in × 0.98 in) in size, [29] which are tinged with buff, cream or light-green and marked with small brown blotches; [4] they are incubated by the female for 14–21 days before hatching. [46], The Alpine chough has an extensive though sometimes fragmented range, estimated at 1–10 million square kilometres (0.4–3.8 million sq mi), and a large population, including an estimated 260,000 to 620,000 individuals in Europe. One of three species in the genus Cepphus, it is most closely related to the spectacled guillemot. These are the red-billed chough, and the Alpine chough. [13] The sexes are identical in appearance although the male averages slightly larger than the female. [15][16] A Pleistocene form from Europe was similar to the extant subspecies, and is sometimes categorised as P. g. This bird has glossy black plumage, a yellow bill, red legs, and distinctive calls. The ground tit, Tibetan ground-tit or Hume's ground-tit is a bird of the Tibetan plateau north of the Himalayas. The similarities between the two species presumably arise because of the same strong environmental constraints on breeding behaviour. Later in the summer, the Alpine chough consumed large numbers of grasshoppers, while the red-billed chough added cranefly pupae, fly larvae and beetles to its diet. This page was last modified on 23 October 2015, at 21:36. [4] The closest relatives of the choughs were formerly thought to be the typical crows, Corvus, especially the jackdaws in the subgenus Coloeus,[5] but DNA and cytochrome b analysis shows that the genus Pyrrhocorax, along with the ratchet-tailed treepie (genus Temnurus), diverged early from the rest of the Corvidae. Both are endemic to Australia. [4] It has nested at 6,500 m (21,300 ft), higher than any other bird species, [24] even surpassing the red-billed chough which has a diet less well adapted to the highest altitudes. The availability or otherwise of human food supplied from tourist activities did not affect breeding success. [1], At the greatest extent of the last glacial period around 18,000 years ago, southern Europe was characterised by cold open habitats, and the Alpine chough was found as far as south as southern Italy, well outside its current range. The Alpine chough /ˈtʃʌf/, or yellow-billed chough, (Pyrrhocorax graculus) is a bird in the crow family, one of only two species in the genus Pyrrhocorax. While communal roosting is generally observed in birds, the behavior has also been seen in bats, primates, and insects. WikiMili. No. The western jackdaw, also known as the Eurasian jackdaw, the European jackdaw, or simply the jackdaw, is a passerine bird in the crow family. [28] Nesting typically starts in early May, and is non-colonial, although in suitable habitat several pairs may nest in close proximity. Even in flight, it can be distinguished from the red-billed chough by its less rectangular wings, and longer, less square-ended tail. ", International Union for Conservation of Nature, "Inter-generic relationships of the crows, jays, magpies and allied groups (Aves: Corvidae) based on nucleotide sequence data", "Systematic notes on Asian birds. [23], The Alpine Chough breeds in mountains from Spain eastwards through southern Europe and the Alps across Central Asia and the Himalayas to western China. [47] Over its range as a whole, the species is not believed to approach the thresholds for the global population decline criteria of the IUCN Red List (i.e., declining more than 30% in ten years or three generations), and is therefore evaluated as Least Concern. Its two subspecies breed in high mountains from Spain eastwards through southern Europe and North Africa to Central Asia and Nepal, and it may nest at a higher altitude than any other bird. Das Angebot an unzugänglichen Felsnischen, die als Bruthabitat fungieren, bindet die Alpendohle nur bedingt. This species, like most babblers, is not migratory, and has short rounded wings and a weak flight and is usually seen calling and foraging in groups. Older adult individuals have white irises, younger adults have white irises with an inner blue rim, while younger birds have dark brown irises until fifteen months of age, and hazel irises with an inner blue rim around each pupil until age two years and ten months. The upperparts are glossy, with a purple, blue, or green sheen, and its black feathers have grey bases. Later in the summer, the Alpine chough consumed large numbers of grasshoppers, while the red-billed chough added cranefly pupae, fly larvae and beetles to its diet. The European roller is the only member of the roller family of birds to breed in Europe. Where additional food is available, winter flocks are larger and contain a high proportion of immature birds. The juvenile is duller than the adult with a dull yellow bill and brownish legs. The genus Corvus, including the jackdaws, crows, rooks, and ravens, makes up over a third of the entire family. A total of 1581 fresh droppings (405 of the Chough and 1176 of the Alpine Chough) were collected in the pastures of the Rhêmes Valley, Aosta, Italy, from June to November 1992 and analysed in the laboratory, and a mean volume percentage for each item was calculated. Distribution and habitat. [4] The Alpine chough is unlikely to be confused with any other species; although the jackdaw and red-billed chough share its range, the jackdaw is smaller and has unglossed grey plumage, and the red-billed chough has a long red bill. [20], The adult of the nominate subspecies of the Alpine chough has glossy black plumage, a short yellow bill, dark brown irises, and red legs. [4] It is slightly smaller than red-billed chough, at 37–39 centimetres (15–15 inches) length with a 12–14 cm (4.7–5.5 in) tail and a 75–85 cm (30–33 in) wingspan, but has a proportionally longer tail and shorter wings than its relative. [25] It has been observed following mountaineers ascending Mount Everest at an altitude of 8,200 m (26,900 ft). At the greatest extent of the last glacial period around 18,000 years ago, southern Europe was characterized by cold open habitats, and the Alpine Chough was found as far as south as southern Italy, well outside its current range. [9] [10] The English word "chough" was originally an alternative onomatopoeic name for the jackdaw, Corvus monedula, based on its call. It feeds, usually in flocks, on short grazed grassland, taking mainly invertebrate prey in summer and fruit in winter; it will readily approach tourist sites to find supplementary food. Populations are also found in parts of New South Wales, including Dorrigo and Armidale. Measuring 46–53 centimetres (18–21 in) in length, it has all-black plumage, beak and mouth, as well as strong grey-black legs and feet. [23], The Alpine chough breeds in mountains from Spain eastwards through southern Europe and the Alps across Central Asia and the Himalayas to western China. The male and female are similar in appearance. It builds a wool-lined stick nest and lays three eggs. The Alpine chough has two extant subspecies. The extremities of the body, the bill and tarsus, were longer in warmer areas, in line with Allen's rule. [32], In the western Italian Alps, the Alpine chough nests in a greater variety of sites than red-billed chough, using natural cliffs, pot-holes and abandoned buildings, whereas the red-billed uses only natural cliffs (although it nests in old buildings elsewhere). Nicholas Aylward Vigors and Thomas Horsfield described the Australian raven in 1827, its species name (coronoides) highlighting its similarity with the carrion crow. Climate change may present a long-term threat, by shifting the necessary alpine habitat to higher altitudes. It nests in cavities and fissures on inaccessible rock faces, but forages on open habitats such as meadows and scree slopes to the tree line or lower, and in winter will often congregate around human settlements, ski centres, hotels and other tourist facilities.

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