[133] The Canadian Corps relieved II Anzac Corps on 18 October from their positions along the valley between Gravenstafel Ridge and the heights at Passchendaele. Allied troops were exhausted and morale had fallen. [78], Each of the three German ground-holding divisions attacked on 26 September had an Eingreif division in support, which was twice the ratio of 20 September. [6] The shorter intervals between attacks since then had several effects, allowing less time for either side to prepare and the Germans had to take more risks on the rest of the Western Front, to replace tired and depleted divisions in Flanders.  • Popular culture, • Sykes-Picot As a German counter-attack forced back elements of the 4th Division, the 29th Division troops stopped them with flanking machine-gun fire and drove them back, allowing the 4th Division to regain the lost ground. The battalions pressed on beyond the first objective and reached the final objective east of Broodseinde village. In this section of the front, the Entente forces advanced 2,500–3,000 yards (2,300–2,700 m), up to the line of the Steenbeek river. After the brief success of the Kerensky Offensive 1–19 July and its disastrous sequel, when Ludendorff's general reserve of six divisions captured Riga, 1–5 September 1917 and then in Operation Albion September – October 1917 took the islands at the mouth of the Gulf of Riga, British and French commanders on the Western Front had to reckon on the German western army being strengthened by reinforcements from the Eastern Front in late 1917. Edmonds considered that 30% needed to be added to German statistcs to make them comparable with British casualty criteria. Despite Von Kuhl's caution, two divisions, thirteen heavy batteries and twelve field batteries of artillery, three fighter squadrons and four other air force units were transferred from the Fourth Army. In fewer than three hours, many units had reached their final objectives and the village of Passchendaele had been captured. Another attack at 6:11 p.m. reached Nile on the divisional boundary with the 3rd Division. The tempo of the British operations added to the difficulty the Germans had in replacing tired divisions through the transport bottlenecks behind the German front. The quicker and shorter advances were intended to be consolidated on tactically advantageous ground (particularly on reverse slopes) with the infantry in contact with their artillery and air support, before they received counter-attacks. [65], Aircraft of the Australian Royal Flying Corps flew over the infantry on contact patrol, the aeroplanes were distinguished by black streamers on the rear edge of their left wings and called for signals from the ground by sounding a klaxon horn or dropping lights, to which infantry responded with red flares to communicate their position; the pilot would report to the Australian divisional headquarters. [67] The Germans knew the British were mining and had taken some countermeasures but they were surprised by the extent of the mining. Walter Bleazard was badly wounded on 20 October 1917, with gunshot wounds to face, chest and left arm.  • Estonian War of Independence (1918–1920) The attack on 10 November brought an end to the campaign. [141] In his memoirs (1938) Lloyd George wrote, "Passchendaele was indeed one of the greatest disasters of the war ... No soldier of any intelligence now defends this senseless campaign ...". [16] Heavier equipment bogged in churned mud so had to be brought forward by wagons along roads and tracks, many of which were under German artillery observation from Passchendaele ridge, rather than being moved cross-country. Dust and smoke added to the morning mist so the infantry advanced using compass bearings.  • Armistice of Villa Giusti, • Libyan resistance (1911–1943) The attack inflicted a severe blow on the German Fourth Army, causing many losses, capturing a significant portion of Flandern I, which threatened the German hold on Broodseinde ridge. Joist Farm was lost by the 21st Division during a German attack on Polygon Wood and Black Watch Corner and the line stabilised east of Cameron House. stream [47] Two regiments of the 50th Reserve Division attacked either side of the Reutelbeek, with the support of 44 field and 20 heavy batteries of artillery, four times the usual amount of artillery for one division. On 11 October, the stretcher-bearer section of 4th Field Ambulance was attached to 13th Field Ambulance in the Zonnebeke area. [83] Another German attempt at 5.30 a.m. on 1 October with support from ground-attack aircraft, pushed two battalions back 150 yards (140 m); three later attacks were repulsed.  • Monastir Offensive, • First Battle of Gaza  • Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele)  • Meuse-Argonne Offensive [20] The Australian advance the next day began with uncertainty as to the security of their right flank. No ground captured by the British had been regained and the counter-attacks had managed only to reach ground held by the remnants of the front-line divisions.  • German Revolution (1918–1919) At 2:00 p.m. Plumer decided that exploitation was not possible. [100], Instead of being one to two miles distant, as on 31 July, on 20 September the British objectives were approximately 1,500 yards (1,400 m) away, without the disadvantage of rain soaked ground and poor visibility encountered in August. [33], In January 1917, the Second Army (II Anzac, IX, X and VIII corps) held the line in Flanders from Laventie to Boesinghe, with 11 divisions and up to two in reserve. Immediately after their attacks, the British had made time to establish a defence in depth, behind standing barrages, in dry clear weather, with increased air support over the battlefield for counter-attack reconnaissance, contact patrols and ground-attack operations. The advance was planned to cover 1,000–1,500 yards (910–1,370 m) and stop on reverse slopes, which were easy to defend, enclosing ground which gave observation of German reinforcement routes and counter-attack assembly areas.  • Treaty of St. Germain Reserve battalions moved back behind the artillery protective line and the Eingreif divisions were organised to intervene as swiftly as possible once an attack commenced, despite the risk of being devastated by the British artillery. [28] The right brigade pivoted on the southern flank amid much German small-arms fire but captured the first objective on the Tower Hamlets (Bassevillebeek) spur.  • Easter Rising (1916) [151], Various casualty figures have been published, sometimes with much acrimony, although the highest estimates for British and German casualties appear to be discredited. [12] The original plan was to have the I Anzac Corps relieved after the Battle of Polygon Wood but the corps had fewer casualties and was fresher than expected and it remained in the front line.  • Women's roles [68] Two of the British mines failed to detonate but the remaining 19 were fired on 7 June at 3:10 a.m. British Summer Time. [43] Clearing weather assisted early observation of the German counter-attacks, most of which were repulsed by accurate and heavy artillery and small-arms fire, causing many German casualties. [27] A meeting in London of the Admiralty and General Staff urged that the Flanders operation be undertaken in 1917, and Joffre replied on 8 December agreeing to the proposal for a Flanders campaign after the spring offensive. By coincidence the German 19th Reserve Division was about to attack and was caught in the British bombardment. British air observers sent 49 zone calls and observed artillery fire on 26 targets. [5] When the Germans counter-attacked, they encountered a reciprocal defence-in-depth, protected by a mass of artillery like the British green and black lines on 31 July and suffered many casualties to little effect. [137], The second stage began on 30 October and was intended to complete the previous stage and gain a base for the final assault on Passchendaele. After repeated insistence on Haig's part, Nivelle agreed to a proviso that if the first two parts of the operation failed to lead to part three, they would be stopped so that the British could move their main forces north for the Flanders offensive, which Haig argued was of great importance to the British government. The 5th Australian Division suffered 5,471 dead and wounded in the period 26–28 September.  • Second Battle of Arras A renewal of the British attack at 6:00 p.m. and the German counter-attack over Hill 40 and Klein Molen met, the melée leaving both sides where they began. endobj [17] The I Anzac Corps had 205 heavy artillery pieces, one gun for every 9 metres (9.8 yd) of front and many field artillery brigades with 18-pdr guns and 4.5-inch howitzers, which with the guns of the other attacking corps were moved forward 2,000 yards (1,800 m) from 20–24 September.  • China  • Battle of the Masurian Lakes The companies south of Zonnebeke advanced and were overrun by British troops on the Grote Molen spur and taken prisoner.  • Zaian War (1914–1921) [58][59], The 4th Australian Division assembled well forward and avoided the German barrage by squeezing up into an area 150 yards (140 m) deep and attacked at 6:45 a.m. with two brigades. Excessive Violence General Von Kuhl wrote later that it was a costly defeat and "wrecked" the plan for relieving divisions which had been "fought-out" in Flanders. [17] After the defeat of 20 September, the German Fourth Army made changes to its defensive methods. The advances were much quicker and the final objective was reached a few hours after dawn, which confounded the German counter-attack divisions. The proportion of smoke ammunition for rifle grenades and Stokes mortars was increased, to blind the occupants of German pillboxes as they were being surrounded. [46], The 29th Division was to attack astride the Ypres–Staden railway and form a defensive flank overlooking the Broembeek, with troops from two brigades. At some pillboxes there was resistance but many German soldiers surrendered when they were rapidly surrounded. 26 September, 1917. The Battle of Polygon Wood[Note 1] took place during the second phase of the Third battle of Ypres in World War I and was fought near Ypres in Belgium 26 September – 3 October 1917, in the area from the Menin Road to Polygon Wood and thence north, to the area beyond St. Julien. [99], The pause in British operations while Plumer moved even more artillery into the area of the Gheluvelt plateau helped to mislead the Germans.  • Battle of Jutland More pillboxes at Boetleer were taken by the left flanking battalion of the 4th Brigade and the red line (first objective) was reached. German troops and ammunition trains overloaded the rail network in west Flanders, while more German artillery escaped British counter-battery fire and less time was available for wire cutting and pillbox destruction, although the Germans generally left these to give battle in the open. [12][13], On 21 September Haig instructed the Fifth and Second Armies to make the next step across the Gheluvelt Plateau on a front of 8,500 yards (7,800 m). [56] On 9 February General Rawlinson, commander of the Fourth Army suggested that Messines Ridge could be taken in one day and that the capture of the Gheluvelt plateau should be fundamental to the attack further north. [45], XIV Corps guarded the northern flank of the attack. [66] The British advance began on 7 June and was preceded by a unique display of military pyrotechnics. [34], The main attack was conducted by the two Anzac Corps. As before Menin Road, bombardment and counter-battery fire began immediately, with practice barrages fired daily as a minimum. Private Walter Bleazard joined the AIF on 19th October 1914 and was posted to 4th Field Ambulance.  • Kerensky Offensive [55] Several plans and memoranda for a Flanders offensive were produced between January 1916 and May 1917, in which the writers tried to relate the offensive resources available to the terrain and the likely German defence.

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