Airborne transmission most common, transmission Although the superantigen poses the greatest threat to host health, all virulence factors contribute to Y. pseudotuberculosis viability in vivo and define the bacterium’s pathogenic characteristics. MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS Deepshikha Chhetri MSc. [9][10] The core region also includes yopN, yopB, yopD, tyeA, lcrG, and lcrV, which also regulate Yops gene expression and help to translocate secretory Yops to the target cell. INTRODUCTION: Mycobacteria is an obligate aerobe growing most successfully in tissues with a high oxygen content. [11] The protein encoded on the "attachment invasion locus" named Ail also bestows attachment and invasive abilities upon Yersiniae[26] while interfering with the binding of complement on the bacterial surface. [11] YpkA also catalyses serine autophosporylation, so it may have regulatory functions in Yersinia[14] or undermine host cell immune response signal cascades since YpkA is targeted to the cytoplasmic side of the host cell membrane. Yersinia pseudotuberculosis is a Gram-negative bacterium that causes Far East scarlet-like fever in humans, who occasionally get infected zoonotically, most often through the food-borne route. The structure of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis when viewed under the microscope shows slender rods (this why they are called Bacilli rods). [5] Many Ysc proteins also amalgamate to form a type-III secretory apparatus, which secretes many Yops into the host cell cytoplasm with the assistance of the "translocation apparatus", constructed of YopB and YopD. [4][5][11] LcrV inhibits neutrophil chemotaxis and cytokine production, allowing Y. pseudotuberculosis to form large colonies without inducing systemic failure[11] and, with YopQ, contributes to the translocation process by bringing YopB and YopD to the eukaryotic cell membrane for pore-formation. [36] By using single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridisation smFISH technique it was shown that the number of YSR35 RNA increased 2.5 times upon temperature shift from 25 °C to 37 °C. Human tuberculosis is preventable: by the early detection and effective therapy of the open or infectious individuals in a community; by lowering the chance of infection by reducing overcrowding as the most important factors affecting the incidence of tuberculosis are socio-economic ones, particularly those leading to a reduction of overcrowding in homes and workplaces. Granulomas in TB are called tubercles and are visible as white spots (1-2 mm). Mycobacterium tuberculosis • The bacterium that causes tuberculosis. Rod shaped bacilli most often cause lung infections but can also cause disseminated disease. Structurally, it is unlike any other superantigen, but is remarkably similar to the tumour necrosis factor and viral capsid proteins. Strains that carry the exotoxin gene are rare in Western countries, where the disease, when at all apparent, manifests itself largely with minor symptoms, whereas more than 95% of strains from Far Eastern countries contain ypm[32] and are correlated with Izumi fever and Kawasaki disease. Mycobacterium tuberculosis •Acid fast aerobic rod •Multi-lobate colony morphology •24-30 hour doubling time •Member of the tuberculosis complex Long History of Tuberculosis •2400 BC: tubercular decay in spine of Egyptian mummy •460 BC: Hippocrates identifies “consumption” as “most
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