On the 18th of March the revolution broke out in Milan, and King Albert of Sardinia undertook the conduct of the war against the emperor. But the prestige so gained was not sufficient to calm the people permanently, and two demands were urged with ever increasing energy -- a share in the government and a national Italian policy. Notable events of his reign included the declaration of It did not occur to the kindly nature of Pius IX that many of the pardoned political offenders would use their liberty to further their revolutionary ideas. Furthermore, political concessions on his part had led to attacks on his spiritual power, and he considered that it could be protected only by his continued exercise of a temporal authority. Pio IX (Rome, 1872-8); MAGUIRE, Pius IX and his Times (Dublin, 1885); TROLLOPE, Life of Pius IX (London, 1877); SHEA, Life and Pontificate of Pius IX (New York, 1877); BRENNAN, A Popular Life of Our Holy Father Pope Pius IX (New York, 1877); O'REILLY, Life of Pius IX (New York, 1878); MCCAFFREY, Hist. For from this period onwards he deliberately and stubbornly set his face against the influence of modernism on ecclesiastical life; showed his displeasure at and distrust of the scientific theology and phirosophy which marked a moderate advance; and, entrenched in the stronghold of medieval ideals, combated the transformations of the new order of society, and the changes in the relationship between Church and State, which obtained in most countries of Europe since the French Revolution. The new pope was in favour of a political reform. Remy Lafort, S.T.D., Censor. Pio papa IX (Florence, 1885-6); BONETTI, Pio IX ad Imola e Roma—Memorie inedite di un suo famgiliare segreto (Rome, 1892); CESARE, Roma e lo stato del Papa dal ritorno di Pio IX al 20 Settembre (Rome, 1906). He spent some time at the College of Piarists in Volaterra, and then proceeded to Rome with the intention of entering the pontifical guard as an officer. of the Cath. [29], Pius was aware and convinced about his role as the highest teaching authority in the Church. Noteworthy elevations included Vincenzo Pecci, his eventual successor Leo XIII, Nicholas Wiseman of Westminster, Henry Edward Manning and John McCloskey, the first American ever to be elevated into the College of Cardinals. [27], The traditionally Catholic Spain offered a challenge to Pius IX as anti-Catholic governments were in power since 1832, resulting in the expulsion of religious orders, the closing of convents, the closing of Catholic schools and libraries, the seizure and sale of churches and religious properties and the inability of the Church to occupy vacant bishop sees. His greatest achievements are of a purely ecclesiastical and religious character. Pio IX (1846-1850) Roma: Editrice Pontificia Universita Gregoriana, Vol I-III, 1974-1991, Pougeois, Histoire de Pie IX, son pontificat et son siecle, Vol I-VI, Paris, 1877, Schmidlin, Josef, Papstgeschichte, Vol I-IV, Köstel-Pusztet München, 1922-1939, John Gilmary Shea, The Life of Pope Pius IX, New York, 1877, Sylvain, Histoire de Pie IX le Grand et de son pontificat, Vol I,II, Paris, 1878. That he was not in accord with the radical ideas of the times he clearly demonstrated by his Encyclical of 9 November, 1846, in which he laments the oppression of Catholic interests, intrigues against the Holy See, machinations of secret societies, sectarian bitterness, the Bible associations, indifferentism, false philosophy, communism, and the licentious press. These were confided by Otto von Bismarck to Moritz Busch: As a matter of fact, he [Pius IX] has already asked whether we could grant him asylum. Education was not mandatory in the Papal States, a fact which some attributed to the low educational standards in comparison to other countries. The Ambrosian Circle in Italy , the Union of Catholic Workers in France and the Pius Verein and the Deutsche Katholische Gesellschaft inGermany all tried to bring the Catholic faith in its fullness to people outside of the Church. On the 14th of July Oudinot proclaimed the restoration of the pontifical dominion; and, three days later, Pius IX issued a manifesto entrusting the government to a commission appointed by himself. hu:IX. At his instance the Catholic world was consecrated to the Sacred Heart of Jesus on 16 June, 1875.

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