Social structure and political organisation, - The truth of Lycurgus’ existence is not as important as the relevance and importance placed on him by the Spartans, - Dates range from 9th – 7th centuries BC as to when he is reported to have lived, - He has “God-like” attributes, figure divinely sanctioned, - Lycurgus was used to introduce and explain the changes to Spartan society, - Tyrtaeus’ poem EUNOMIA reflects the way in which the Spartan society was set to good order – something that is believed to be achieved by Lycurgus’ laws. - Tyrtaeus’ poem EUNOMIA reflects the way in which the Spartan society was set to good order – something that is believed to be achieved by Lycurgus’ laws. Probably provided majority of hoplites, - Excluded helots, reminding them of place, - Often patrolled the streets to instil fear, - Countless helots would die in battle from lack of training and light arms, - Public meals for all adult Spartiates (males), - Drunken helots were dragged into the mess to be shamed by those eating for entertainment, - Plutarch notes that hunting provided extra food and wheat could have been provided by the rich, - Xenophon notes that Lycurgus used this to incite obedience and prevent poor behaviour, - Similar to a secret police to keep the helots afraid, - Young Spartans armed with daggers roamed the countryside and killed any helots they could find, - Plato saw this as part of Spartan military training, - Plutarch felt they could only murder helots suspected of leading a revolt. Religiously, the general population believed that the Kings were the mortal link to the gods, making them significant to the religious aspect of the Spartan peoples’ lives. [German version] (Τυρταῖος; Tyrtaîos).Spartan elegist and aulete, c. 640 BC (Suda s.v. With his long spear or his sword, taking the enemy's life, And his crest up against crest and his helm up against helm. "...locking spear by spear, shield against shield at the base, so buckler/ leaned on buckler, helmet on helmet, man against man, and the horse-hair crests along the horns of their shining helmets/ touched as they bent their heads, so dense were they formed on each other,..."— Iliad 13.130–33, translated by R.Lattimore. They throw light on two crises affecting Sparta at the time. Essential to Spartan survival, constantly ready for warfare particularly with strong enemy Argos to north. For Zeus himself, the son of Cronus and husband of faircrowned Hera, has given this state to the descendants of Heracles. For it was not by imitating other states but by conceiving a system utterly different from that of most others that he showed his country to excel in prosperity”, - “Concerning Lycurgus the lawgiver, in general nothing can be said which is not disputed, since indeed there are different accounts of his birth, his travels, his death, and above all, his work as lawmaker and statesman”, - “Timaeus conjectures that there were two Lycurguses at Sparta at different times and that to one of them the achievements of both were ascribed, owing to his greater fame.”, - “Lycurgus was so keen to establish this kind of government that he obtained an oracle from Delphi about it which they call the Rhetra.”, - “‘When you have built a temple to [Zeus] and [Athena], and divided the people into phyla and obai [clans and classes] and established the thirty member Gerousia [Spartan council of elders] including the Archagetai [Kings] from time to time Apellazine (Gather ) between Babyka and Knakion [river/bridge and river] and ths introduce and cancel measures; but the people must have the deciding authority and power’”, - “When the population was thus assembled, they were not able to put a motion but the people did have the authority to decide on the motion put before them by the Gerontes and the Kings. Spartan elegiac poet of the mid‐7th cent. Jaeger and Tigerstedt, cited by Elizabeth Irwin. Rossi, F. (1967–68). . The (probably Hellenistic) edition of his poems in 5 vols. Τυρταῖος, 1205; cf. ... page 95 note 2 I am assuming throughout this section that there was a seventh-century poet named Tyrtaeus, and that we have some fragments of his works. (Suda loc.cit.) Groups liable for military service in Spartan army: Spartiates from 18 – 60 but generally only those 20a50 called up. Afterwards however, when the people, by adding and subtracting clauses, destroyed the original sense of the motion put before them, Kings Polydorus and Theopompus inserted a clause into the Rhetra ‘but if the people should adopt a crooked decision, the Gerontes and the Kings shall have the power to adjourn the assembly’ that is the vote should not be ratified and the assembly could be ended.”, Why were the two kings an important part of Spartan government in this period?

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