Tan et al. Movahedi Y BONE MARROW HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL 2. HI Stout SE Kono Gonzalez-Juarrero Noizat Initial understandings of macrophage biology are giving way to more nuanced appreciation of the many roles and responsibilities of macrophages during organism homeostasis and disease (Gordon, Pluddemann and Martinez Estrada 2014; Varol, Mildner and Jung 2015). Macrophages 1. P Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! 3rd DK Martinez Estrada Welsh Pluddemann Di Conza et al. Pritchard Diverse macrophage repertoires in vivo contribute to wide variation in macrophage phenotype during homeostasis. CJ Necrotic outcomes result in more effective mycobacterial replication. AC Cronan Tung AK S HP Recent work has also identified host angiogenesis into the early developing granuloma as an important determinant of mycobacterial survival (Oehlers et al.2015). Suttles Mycobacteria can also be taken up in the air spaces by recruited monocyte-derived macrophages (Thurnher et al.1997) or by dendritic cells, which can carry the organisms to draining lymph nodes initiating an adaptive response to infection that is abnormally delayed (Henderson, Watkins and Flynn 1997; Marino et al.2004; Wolf et al.2007). However, IL-4 alone does not induce MGC formation, but rather it has been demonstrated that macrophages respond to IL-4 stimulation differentially on the basis of their endogenous inflammatory status and the presence of bacterial signals (Helming and Gordon 2007a,b). Caceres Wolf Hashimoto Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Russell Transcriptional activation induced in macrophages by Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands: from expression profiling to a model of TLR signaling. N M P Radaeva Eventually, the cholesterol accumulation becomes toxic to cells resulting in their death through secondary necrosis and release of cellular contents resulting in formation of a necrotic core within atherosclerotic plaques (Tabas 2005). Soucie et al. Oehlers et al. Neyrolles JC KM et al. Marino Stein Sica In vivo, macrophage activation states are dynamic, responding to initial stimulation, removal of stimulus, feedback or feed-forward signaling, autocrine production of cytokines, as well as the epigenetic or developmental lineage effects built into the life history of the macrophage (Porta et al.2009; Lawrence and Natoli 2011; Ivashkiv 2013). H Fujiwara This system of macrophage infiltration results in the development of distinct subsets of macrophages in different tumor macrophage microenvironments (Movahedi et al.2010). The mycobacterially induced skew of monocyte-derived macrophages toward a phenotype expressing CCR2 and displaying an ‘alternatively activated’ like phenotype indicates that mycobacteria may also be able to selectively recruit these derived macrophages and thrive within them. C On the way, it is filtered through the lymphatic organs (spleen and…, Macrophages help eliminate invaders by engulfing foreign materials and initiating the immune response. Rennick The triacylglycerides and phospholipids are mainly metabolized by the macrophage, but the cholesterol is esterified and retained by the macrophages stored in lipid droplets (LDs) (Walther and Farese 2012). Intriguingly, IL-10 deletion in CBA/J mice results in mature fibrotic granuloma formation (Cyktor et al.2013). Naito C et al. Aikawa S P A Recognition is followed by surface changes, uptake, signaling, and altered gene expression, contributing to homeos … A Salek-Peyron Gomez-Nieto Hirsch Kumar C et al. In addition, modulation of more upstream components of these arachidonic acid-derived eicosanoids, including targeting of the upstream 5-lipooxygenase and manipulation of PGE2 levels have strong effects on TB progression in mice, with PGE2 serving to inhibit the Type I IFN response and increase host resistance to Mtb (Mayer-Barber et al.2014; Mayer-Barber and Sher 2015). Kornbluth et al. They are large cells, and their cell bodies abound in granules of various content, partly foreign material that may have reached the alveoli, or cell debris originating from cell damage or normal cell death. In this review, we highlight how distinct macrophage phenotypes may influence disease progression in tuberculosis. KJ SW Shimada M Bohsali Walther JK In this way, an understanding of macrophages that considers altered expression of genes known to be important to immune activity on the basis of infection or during different stages and locations of infection is particularly relevant during mycobacterial infection. Gastl A second important parallel to TB infection is in the development of foamy macrophages within the granuloma environment. The central role of cytokine production and signaling by and to macrophages and the particular effects of a set of key cytokines on macrophage phenotype during mycobacterial infection has been well established (Cooper and Khader 2008). H Gautier Tumors are abundantly populated with macrophages and these TAMs are known to promote tumor initiation, progression and metastasis partly through the production of inflammatory cytokines that generate a chronic inflammatory environment permissive for tumor promotion (Noy and Pollard 2014). M Clay Kunjathoor Jr. Wassermann et al. JM During infection, mycobacteria are phagocytosed by alveolar macrophages, an embryonically derived lineage, shortly after inhalation. Q The most common cell type in the lymphoid tissue is the…. H DM FA These in vitro observations have also been noted in murine models and human samples where more IL-4 positive cells and more IL-4-type lung macrophages have been observed during late infection stages (Hernandez-Pando et al.1996; Kahnert et al.2006). I JL, Herbomel Volkman Raju et al. Macrophages are divided into functional subsets on the basis of classic sources of stimulation used in ex vivo experimentation. Greter Aguilar-Ruiz Evasion of innate immunity by Mycobacterium tuberculosis: is death an exit strategy? M In fact, a subset of CD169+ macrophages was found to maintain hematopoietic stem cells in the marrow by regulating … Feng Macrophages present in adult tissues are derived from embryonic and bone marrow sources. GJ et al. Macrophages also accumulate lipids by phagocytosis of lipid-loaded platelets (Feng et al.2014). et al. Rader de Boer Turner F 1). MyD88-independent macrophages were shown to produce less inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) compared to MyD88-dependent macrophages making them more permissive for mycobacterial growth (Cambier et al.2014). Macrophages play a central role in mycobacterial pathogenesis. S

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