In 240 AD the garrison at Hatra, in modern day Iraq, was captured, provoking a massive Roman counterattack, with Gordian joining his army in 243 AD. For example, Lactantius disparages the Tetrarch Maximinus as a shepherd who rapidly and undeservedly had ascended to the Caesariate.13 Victor bemoans that the senate lost to the army the power to elect emperors, and by extension lost the emperorship to equestrian career officers.14. They marched into Syria and enjoyed much initial success. Obverse shows radiate, draped bust of emperor right, IMP GORDIANVS PIVS FEL AVG. Ancient History Encyclopedia. Gordian Emperors. Ancient aristocratic authors like Lactantius and Aurelius Victor had contempt for emperors who had not been members of the ordo senatorius, viewing their origins as evidence for a lack of culture and sophistication. His financial excesses, principally used to fund his military expeditions in Germany, weighed heavily on the minds of many of the senators. He holds Valerian by the wrist (whom he later captured in 260), he has Philip kneel before him in submission, and his horse tramples over the body of Gordian. Iranists have sought to combat the Eurocentric approach of classicists, i.e. Reverse has Gordian standing right in millitary clothing holding spear and globe, P M TR P V COS II PP. However, the people and the Praetorian Guard in Rome distrusted the Senate’s nominees and insisted on making the 13-year-old Gordian (grandson of Gordian I and nephew of Gordian II) caesar and heir to the throne. Gordian Caesar was killed and the Roman force was destroyed. This article was most recently revised and updated by, Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors - Biography of Gordian III (238-244 A.D.). When the Senate learned of the deaths of the two Gordians, they feared retaliation on the part of Maximinus. In the spring of 244 Gordian was murdered by the troops and succeeded by Philip. Gordian III ruled until 244 AD when he was either killed after his betrayal by Philip the Arab, killed by Philip the Arab or killed at the Battle of Misiche; with his death, the dynasty was ended and Philip the Arab became emperor. As chief of the Praetorian Guard and father in law of the Emperor, Timesitheus quickly became the de facto ruler of the Roman Empire. The Sasanian Empire of the Persians, established only twenty years prior, had become a major problem for Rome, threatening her provinces in Mesopotamia and Syria and her Arsacid allies in Armenia. When Maximinus Thrax was named Roman emperor upon the death of Alexander Severus, the news was not well-received by many in Rome and the Roman Senate considered him an illiterate barbarian. In 241, Gordian was married to Furia Sabinia Tranquillina, daughter of the newly appointed praetorian prefect, Timesitheus. Connect with The University of Nottingham through social media. [6] Other scholars, such as Kettenhofen, Hartman and Winter have concluded that Gordian died in battle against the Sasanians. After being reassured of their intentions, he was given a stern warning by one of the youths. Firstly, if Gordian was defeated at Misikhe but then died on the return journey, that would explain why his cenotaph was located at Zaitha, much closer to the Roman border. Bimetallic Medallion of Emperor Gordian IIIby Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin (CC BY-NC-SA), Before any further action could be taken against the Persians, Timesitheus became ill and died. Without delay, a message was forwarded to the Roman Senate who approved them both as co-emperors. (Palazzo... Gordian III and Philip the Arab: The Roman Empire at a Crossroads, Maximinus Thrax: From Common Soldier to Emperor of Rome. In the north, the Goths crossed the Danube and Rome responded. Most these authors listed were writing some time after the event in question, in the mid- and late fourth century. Some claim that Philip had stoked the flames of military discontent by diverting supplies.3 In doing so, Philip was able to foster a military revolt that killed the young emperor. In 243 AD, the Roman headed straight into a confrontation with the Persians. [3] The campaign was a success and Gordian, who had joined the army, was planning an invasion of the enemy's territory, when his father-in-law died in unclear circumstances. Specifically, a relief at Bishapur depicts Shapur I with three Roman emperors17. Delightfully written article and very informative. On February 25, 244 CE, Gordian III was killed near the city of Zaitha on the Euphrates River; his body was returned to Rome and the Senate was told the emperor died of natural causes. In the skirmish Gordian II was killed. On this day in AD 31 the Praetorian Prefect Sejanus was executed. Luckily, the Byzantinist David MacDonald has found a third option that, although it has not received much support, may actually be the most plausible.21 Surveying historical works by Byzantine authors, MacDonald found that multiple such authors preserve a very specific version of events.

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