Unlike her father and brother, whose legitimacy was never questioned, Elizabeth had to confront dynastic challenges at her accession which continued almost until her death. Elizabeth I’s war with England’s Catholics, How Elizabeth I used parties as a weapon against the Catholic threat to her throne, 7 things you (probably) didn’t know about Elizabeth I. The second is that it transformed the queen into a cultural icon. Anne’s marriage to Henry VIII was annulled and Elizabeth was declared illegitimate. She confounded her Catholic enemies, imposed her will on the political scene, turned England into a strong Protestant state, presided over a glittering court culture, and died in her bed at the age of 69. Find out more about the life and work of Her Majesty The Queen... Find out more about Royal events at this year's meeting, which is being held in London, Find out more about the annual 'Royal Week' in Scotland, The Queen’s Young Leader Award celebrates exceptional people from across the Commonwealth. (1) Together these biographies have brought the image of the famed seadogs more into line with the social and economic context of their times. Thus Hammer gives equal weight to Elizabethan forces’ operations on both land and sea, and is careful to point up the interconnected nature of the two. I, 660-1649 (London: HarperCollins, 1997) engaged in a relatively radical reinterpretation of the Elizabethan Navy’s strategic role, in emphasising the strategic priorities of national security and supporting relatively limited land operations that were imposed on the Navy. Members of the Royal Family remember the war dead. Fortunately for Elizabeth, the Spanish Armada was defeated. Fissel argues that the key to English military changes in the period was a flexibility that allowed English forces to absorb foreign military practices, combine them with uniquely English elements and apply them in a variety of differing situations. Most significantly, N. A. M. Rodger’s masterly The Safeguard of the Sea: a Naval History of Britain, Vol. The simple answer is that there are no obligatory codes of behaviour - just courtesy. In consequence, notwithstanding the strength of Catholic opinion at the outset of her reign, the Protestant form of worship imposed by her Act of Uniformity gained in popularity over time and became embedded in English lay culture. Due to her determination the Church of England remained sufficiently flexible and moderate. What military event helped bankrupt Spain and shifted political power to England, France, and the Dutch republic? As is the tradition for the monarch's birthday, The Queen's birthday is celebrated every year with the great military display of Trooping of the Colour. The Queen's Broadcast to the Armed Forces, 2009. This is a long stretch from the common image of Essex as a chivalric throwback that has predominated in many works, adding a new dimension to our understanding of this complex figure. Biographers and psychologists have felt the need to investigate how she could dismiss social and political norms and refuse marriage. ;Price: £47.50 Thank you for subscribing to HistoryExtra, you now have unlimited access. However, even more importantly, it provides an excellent platform for further research, for in addition to what has been done, it shows what still needs to be done in the field. Trim (to name only a few) since 1990, adding breadth to the field and particularly highlighting the domestic impact of military affairs on Britain. Still, this work highlights the fact that military change in Elizabethan England was evolutionary in many ways. Land warfare received very little attention by comparison, and indeed even studies of the Navy lacked much in the appreciation of the role of naval action in Elizabethan military strategy or of the importance of the Navy’s institutional development in this period. Still, if the system for maintaining the war effort was as fundamentally sound as Hammer asserts, one must wonder why the government of James I was in quite such a hurry to demobilize. However it had two important positive results. Protestantism in England also survived because Elizabeth was successful in seeing off the Catholic threat. You will shortly receive a receipt for your purchase via email. Interested in reviewing for us? Other people prefer simply to shake hands in the usual way. Each supplemented the other, and no Elizabethan campaign, especially those central to the nation’s security, would have been possible without close cooperation between the two arms. It is a bit surprising that Hammer does not pursue this further, given the orientation of his previous work, for there remain many questions about the role of such rivalry in strategic decision-making by the Elizabethan government. Finally, Fissel begins to make an essential connection, by showing that it is impossible to separate the Elizabethan army from the operations of the Navy, a theme he will explore further in a forthcoming article. Clearly, it was time to reassess the military practices of Elizabethan England, consider how they measured against contemporary military practices elsewhere and reevaluate their importance in Elizabethan society. Academia.edu is a platform for academics to share research papers. This is a subject that deserves some further attention however, for as Hammer points out, it involves the rapid disappearance of a fairly elaborate military establishment. Indeed, there is much to be said for this, since the innovations made by Henry VIII in order to prepare his kingdom for war with France and subsequently by Lord Protector Somerset in the attempt to absorb Scotland, certainly conformed closely to the ‘military revolution’ theory of Geoffrey Parker. She was the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, his second wife, who was executed two and a half years after Elizabeth’s birth. The result of the fortuitous convergence of academic challenge with the appearance of vital tools to address it has been a period of fruitful scholarship relating to Elizabethan military affairs in the 1990s. In addition to honours, The Queen also leads the nation each year in paying respects to the fallen each year on Remembrance Sunday. The oldest ever recipient of a message from The Queen was a Canadian gentleman, who reached the age of 116 in December 1984. I greatly hope that the Elizabeth Cross will give further meaning to the nation’s debt of gratitude to the families and loved ones of those who have died in the service of our country. To some extent, the title of this work is misleading, since Hammer, like Fissel and Gervase Philips in The Anglo-Scots Wars, 1513-1550: a Military History (Woodbridge: Boydell, 1999), identifies the 1540s as the decade in which the ‘military revolution’ first came to Britain, and thus begins his account over a decade before Elizabeth I came to the throne. Everyone wants to know how Elizabeth could rule successfully in a man’s world without a husband. The Sovereign today still retains an important symbolic role as the figure in whose name justice…, The Queen has important formal roles in relation to the Government of the UK. The first is that her heir was to be James VI, who united in his person Scotland and England, a crucially important event in the development of British history. Elizabeth I (1533–1603) was Queen of England and Ireland from 1558 until her death in 1603. The Queen meets thousands of people each year in the UK and overseas. This is certainly the way the Queen’s government viewed its armed forces, and it behooves us to follow suit. Hammer is careful to point out the survival of feudal levies even during the Armada campaign of 1588. Feminists were attracted to the sight of a woman defying conventions and ruling alone. Since then, The Queen has maintained a close relationship with the Armed Forces through regular visits to service establishments and ships. Elizabeth’s Wars: War, Government and Society in Tudor England, 1544-1604 Paul Hammer Basingstoke, Palgrave, 2003, ISBN: 333919424X; 344pp. By the standards of the age – and compared to her father and siblings – Elizabeth was a model of religious tolerance. Having successfully defended England against the Spanish Armada, Elizabeth launched military campaigns against Spain. Our best wishes for a productive day. Early (mainly male) biographers and historians sought to explain how her rejection of love and motherhood affected her character. Indeed, military history has become so integral to early modern studies that at a recent session of the American Historical association considering the role of military history in American Universities, noted military historian John Guilmartin was able to say he helped the employment prospects of his graduate students by sending them out ‘disguised as early modernists’. The latter work generated numerous critiques, including challenges to Parker’s chronology and his vision of a technology-driven process. A cult grew around her which was celebrated in the portraits, pageants, and literature of the day. The biggest success of this book is Hammer’s ability to see the Elizabethan military establishment as a whole, with no distinction between militia and army, or for that matter army and navy. Event: when Phillip II sent an armada to England to end Protestantism. Elizabeth would have no truck with those zealous Protestants who attempted to introduce the more austere discipline of Calvinist Geneva into England. Undoubtedly the most important work to appear in the last decade however, has been Mark Charles Fissel’s long-anticipated English Warfare, 1511-1642 (London: Routledge, 2001). England traded armour, ammunition, timber and metals in exchange for Moroccan sugar. Likewise, it would be worth considering the effect of demilitarization on a culture that had grown used to war after twenty years of conflict. We will remember them all. In the best traditions of synthesis however, he also goes further than that, taking ideas found in these works and carrying them on to conclusions implied, but not fully elaborated, by previous historians. A speech by The Queen at the Armed Forces Muster, 2012. Hammer is especially good when dealing with the political consequences of Elizabeth’s increasing reliance on such resources, and is particularly judicious in not overestimating the country’s discontent in the 1590s. Memorialised in later paintings and film, the English victory of 1588 saved England from Spanish rule and preserved the Protestant church. While both were (and to some extent remain) valuable works, neither was intended to be a comprehensive study of Elizabeth’s forces at war. As Sovereign, The Queen is Head of the Armed Forces, and is also the wife, mother and grandmother of individuals having served in the Forces. Likewise the Crown was never slow to pass the financial burdens of war down to the county level. May the memory of their sacrifice and bravery remain with us always. The first medal to which The Queen put her name, this was instituted in 2009 to give special recognition to the families of those who have died on military operations, or … In addition to awarding various military honours at investitures, The Queen also introduced the Elizabeth Cross. Another difficulty for Elizabeth was that she inherited a realm ill at ease with itself. Wherever you are deployed in the world, you should be assured that I and the whole nation are deeply thankful for the part you play in helping to maintain peace around the globe. There is even some reason to see various expeditions as the tools of specific court factions, and to view important courtiers as the heads of rival military organizations that spanned everything from recruitment to supply. The humiliating French capture of Calais (England’s last continental possession) in January 1558 punctured confidence in England’s military power and international prestige. Find out more here. Taken in light of Parker’s opinion concerning military affairs in Britain, how could this be possible?

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